1) For all ordered pairs of positive integers (x,y), we define f(x,y) as follows:
(a) f(x,1) = x.
(b) f(x,y) = 0 if y > x.
(c) f(x + 1,y) = y[f(x,y) + f(x,y - 1)].
Compute (5,5).
2) For each positive integer p, let b(p) denote the unique positive integer k such that |k−√p|<12. For example, b(6)=2 and b(23)=5. Find S=∑2007p=1b(p).
+9488 1) ( Assuming you meant compute f(5,5) )
| f(5, 5) = f(4 + 1, 5) = 5[ f(4, 5) + f(4, 5 - 1) ] = 5[ 0 + f(4, 4) ] = 5[ f(4, 4) ] | |||
| f(4, 4) = f(3 + 1, 4) = 4[ f(3, 4) + f(3, 4 - 1) ] = 4[ 0 + f(3, 3) ] = 4[ f(3, 3) ] |
| ||
| f(3, 3) = f(2 + 1, 3) = 3[ f(2, 3) + f(2, 3 - 1) ] = 3[ 0 + f(2, 2) ] = 3[ f(2, 2) ] | |||
| f(2, 2) = f(1 + 1, 2) = 2[ f(1, 2) + f(1, 2 - 1) ] = 2[ 0 + f(1, 1) ] = 2[ f(1, 1) ] |
| ||
| f(1, 1) = 1 | |||
| f(2, 2) = 2[ f(1, 1) ] = 2[ | 1 | ] = 2 |
|
| f(3, 3) = 3[ f(2, 2) ] = 3[ | 2 | ] = 6 | |
| f(4, 4) = 4[ f(3, 3) ] = 4[ | 6 | ] = 24 |
|
| f(5, 5) = 5[ f(4, 4) ] = 5[ | -24- | ] = 120 |
+9488 2) This one is tricky but here's my attempt...
I started by making this list:
| b( | 1 | ) | _ = _ | 1 |
| b( | 2 | ) | = | 1 |
| b( | 3 | ) | = | 2 |
| b( | 4 | ) | = | 2 |
| b( | 5 | ) | = | 2 |
| b( | 6 | ) | = | 2 |
| b( | 7 | ) | = | 3 |
| b( | 8 | ) | = | 3 |
| b( | 9 | ) | = | 3 |
| b( | 10 | ) | = | 3 |
| b( | 11 | ) | = | 3 |
| b( | 12 | ) | = | 3 |
| b( | 13 | ) | = | 4 |
| b( | 14 | ) | = | 4 |
| b( | 15 | ) | = | 4 |
| b( | -16- | ) | = | 4 |
. . . | ||||
| b( | 1980 | ) | = | 44 |
| b( | 1981 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1982 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1983 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1984 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1985 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1986 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1987 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1988 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1989 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1990 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1991 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1992 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1993 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1994 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1995 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1996 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1997 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1998 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 1999 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 2000 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 2001 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 2002 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 2003 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 2004 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 2005 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 2006 | ) | = | 45 |
| b( | 2007 | ) | = | 45 |
By now we can notice something...
| b( | 7 | ) = 3 because | 7 | is closer to 9 than 4, and |
| b( | 12 | ) = 3 because | 12 | is closer to 9 than 16 |
Between 4 and 9 , there are 4 numbers and 4/2 = 2
Between 9 and 16 there are 6 numbers and 6/2 = 3
So the number of 3's = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
We can backtrack the previous steps to get...
the number of 3's = 1+42+62 = 1+9−4−12+16−9−12 = 1+32−(3−1)2−12+(3+1)2−32−12
So in general,
the number of n's = 1+n2−(n−1)2−12+(n+1)2−n2−12 which simplifies to...
the number of n's = 2n
This agrees with the list from earlier!!! 
Except the number of 45's is only 27 because the list ends at b(2007)
2007∑p=1b(p) = b(1)+b(2)+b(3)+b(4)+b(5)+b(6)+b(7)+⋯+b(2006)+b(2007) 2007∑p=1b(p) = 1+1+2+2+2+2+3+⋯+45+45 2007∑p=1b(p) = 2(1)+4(2)+6(3)+⋯+88(44)+27(45) 2007∑p=1b(p) = 44∑k=1(2k)(k)+ 27(45) 2007∑p=1b(p) = 44∑k=1(2k)(k)+ 27(45) 2007∑p=1b(p) = 244∑k=1k2+ 27(45) 2007∑p=1b(p) = 2(44(44+1)(2(44)+1)6)+ 27(45) 2007∑p=1b(p) = 58740+ 1215 2007∑p=1b(p) = 59955
P.S. There definitely might be a better way to do it... 
Here is a short computer code to verify what hetictar got by summing them up th hard way!
a=1; b=1; c=2007;p=0;d=(abs(a - sqrt b);f=if(abs d < 1/2, goto6, goto8);printa;p=p+a; b++; if(b<=c,goto4,0);b=1;a++;if(a<=c, goto4,0);printp
Sum total =59,955
Just in case anybody wants to see the entire list of integers, here it is (all 2007 integers)! :
1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 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41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 =>> 2007 terms =Sum total = 59,955
